Monday, September 12, 2022

Republished blog from 2009 OathKeepers:Anti-government Militant Extremists Local Sheriff The Last Defence For Freedom & American Sovereignty

UPDATE: 3:50 AM & 5:08 AM Oct. 26 Insignia of the Defenders Law Enforcement Motorcycle Club, who’s members are currently serving or are former police officers- They are Also Members of Oath Keepers Militant Right Wing organization now part of the Mainstream -Rightwing Radical Chic Flag of the Militant 3percenters who believe they only need 3% of Americans to rise up & they can Remove The Current US Administration Banner against North American Union
Oath Keepers, the militia/“Patriot” extremist group made up of law enforcement officers, military personnel and veterans, has posted a photo on its site showing (it says) “an active duty Oath Keeper in Mosul, Iraq” wearing two Velcro-attached “tabs” or patches, one saying “Oath Keeper” and the other “Three percent.” The flag patch beneath them is also an insignia of the “Three Percenters,” an informal alliance of hard-line gun owners. The Oath Keepers figured prominently in a recent special report by the Southern Poverty Law Center on the resurgence of the antigovernment militia movement. The report described the group as “a particularly worrisome example of the Patriot revival.” Oath Keepers is fully on board with all the standard right-wing conspiracy theories, as evidenced by its official list of 10 “Orders We Will Not Obey,” in which it vows to resist any government efforts to “disarm the American people” or turn cities into “giant concentration camps.” In July, the SPLC also presented Congress with growing evidence that extremists are infiltrating the U.S. military and urged Congress and the military to take steps to ensure that the armed forces are not inadvertently training future domestic terrorists. A spokesman for the Defense Department, Lt. Col. Les Melnyk, confirmed that the uniform shown in the photo is an Army combat uniform, the kind worn by soldiers in Iraq. Army regulations stipulate that any uniform item not expressly authorized for wear is prohibited. But Melnyk noted that a Velcro-attached tab can be put on quickly for a photo-op and just as quickly removed. We’re guessing that not many soldiers are really parading around Mosul or anywhere else with these things on display.
from: Oath Keepers Say They’re on Patrol in Iraq Rob Waters on October 21, 2009 SPLC Hatewatch Sheriff Joe (Hitler) Arpaio: Judged by the Company he Keeps Neo-Nazis White Supremacist & Racist Anti-immigrant CNN Media Star Lou Dobbs Does this statement by Sheriff Mack of Oath Keepers help to explain the reluctance of Sheriff Arpaio from discontinuing his activities. To the Oath Keepers and the Conservative Movement and to people like Glenn Beck, O'Reilly , Hannity etc he is a Folk Hero since they believe that all 12,000,000 million undocumented immigrants should be rounded up and incarcerated and then sent back to Mexico or Central America etc.What these draconian racists don't seem to realize that such a roundup would be like declaring a civil war as these immigrants and their families friends and associates and liberals and progressives and even liberal churches might dig in for the long haul and the long war and begin to fight back. If people started dying and there was blood in the streets then who would be the enemy. The County Sheriff America's Last Hope Richard Mack Oath Keeper 1 of 7 Bill Hunt recites the Oath of The Militant Rightwing Armed Wing of The Republican Party and/or The Conservative Movements -Pseudo-fascists who believe only conservative free-enterprise God Fearing Gun-Totting Bible Thumping Christians(mainly white male) should be permitted to rule over America. Are they talking about Non-Compliance refusing an order & standing down or are they talking about an armed Insurrection -these are two different things which Mathews doesn't manage to get a satisfactory answer to-as I have talked about this group they do adhere to a number of conspiracy theories such as the "Birthers" "FEMA" concentration Camps, the deploying of large number of US soldiers on US soil training to deploy to fight American citizens. So their rhetoric belies their claim that they are merely being vigilant-again one asked why didn't they rise up against the Bush Regime. Chris Matthews Takes On Right Wing "Oath Keepers" Founder MSNBC's Chris Matthews Takes On Right Wing "Oath Keepers" Founder Stewart Rhodes - 10/20/09 While wandering through the websites and videos of the Far Right it becomes apparent that they are no longer out there on the fringes outside American mainstream politics or media. Over the last year in particular these Far Right fringe groups have become associated with and intertwined with "The Conservative Movement " and The Republican Party. So the rhetoric of the Republican Party and the Conservative Movement and their adopting of once upon a time "Conspiracy Theories" has become the norm for conservative media especially Fox News and people such as Lou Dobbs on CNN along with Hate Radio stars such as Rush Limbaugh and Michael Savage or Ann Coulter, Michelle Malkin, Tom Tancredo,Michele Bachmann etc. And one of the things of note for instance is this notion of the importance of the "local Sheriff" as the last defender of freedom and of The Constitution and the Bill of Rights and American traditional values and the notion of American exceptionalism and America as a Christian nation . So a character such as Sheriff Arpaio has become a symbol for the "Conservative Movement' because he represents local authority and that he insists on enforcing immigration laws in order to keep America 's traditional values and keep out these millions of illegal-immigrants who are in his view and those of his supporters undermining "law and Order', and bringing in a foreign values system and disrupting American society . Of course a large part of their angst over undocumented immigrants is that they are not white and so creating this notion of the browning of America which Sheriff Joe and Lou Dobbs and Pat Buchanan are extremely fearful of. As has been talked about before is that many Americans in the 19th century had similar concerns and fears about the influx of several million immigrants from Ireland but eventually the Irish of course just became part of the American mosaic and did not destroy America after all. Anyway as we have seen Fox News and their "Fellow Travelers" in The Conservative Movement and in the Republican Party have spent the last year or more fear mongering, spreading misinformation, half-truths mixed with the most outrageous "conspiracy Theories" concerning what they believe to be Barack Obama's nefarious hidden agenda. So night after night Glenn Beck and other agitators use inflammatory over-the-top rhetoric claiming certain things to be facts which they are not attacking everyone associated with Obama of being radicals, communists etc. Now in the past week Obama has finally been pushing back on all these lies especially those promulgated by Fox News. Fox News claims that Obama is against the freedom of the press. But he did not say that. What he said which many commentators having been say at least for a couple of years that Fox News is a partisan pro-Conservative pro-Bush & Cheney and pro-Republican network which distorts facts to fit its agenda. Therefore Fox News is not a legitimate News Network made up of investigative journalist with integrity who do not have an axe to grind. . It is a network with a decidedly rightwing agenda but that does not mean Obama wants to shut Fox News down but merely get Fox to admit that it is slanted and is anti-Obama. The even more dangerous part which Fox News has been playing by supporting the Tea Partys and the 9/12 project is that they are purposely fomenting dissent and anger and are encouraging citizens to resist the Obama administration and its policies by any and all means necessary. For when Fox calls Obama as bad as Hitler or other infamous dictators what is going to be the result eventually some misguided citizens will take up arms and try to oust Obama. This brings us to another militant hyper-patriotic paranoid patriots who want all those members of the military, police forces, FBI, CIA, Pentagon, Fire-fighters ,National Guard, Coast Guard etc. who have taken an oath to defend America and its constitution against "both foreign and domestic" enemies of the US for them to be vigilant and to uphold their oath and refuse to obey orders which are illegal or immoral or which go against the very core values of America. This group calls itself the Oath Keepers . The people they are appealing to are those with training with small arms and /or with automatic rifles and explosives, tanks, armored vehicles . This past weekend they held their first conference since the group came into being last March or earlier. Oath Keepers Declaration of Orders We Will NOT Obey One of the things I find a bit disingenuous about this organization is that it appears partisan that is in favor of the Republicans and the Conservative Movement and refer to themselves as "Real Americans" the Real Patriots and as being true Christians who reject the liberalizing of Christianity yet their values are pro-free market place and unfettered capitalism and anti-tax and anti-homosexual, anti-feminist, anti-Evolution anti-liberal education, anti-UN & pro-war etc. And it bugs me that if these soldiers were so concerned about sovereignty and freedom why did they not question the unnecessary invasion of the sovereign nation of Iraq. Why didn't they take a stand when it became public knowledge that Bush & Cheney and the media lied over and over again about Iraq erroneously claiming America had to invade Iraq or Iraq would destroy Israel or the United States when in fact Iraq was a mere shadow of its former self. Why didn't they then if they cared about the American soldiers being killed why didn't they protest against the Bush Regime for its lies and then for its incompetent handling of the war in Iraq and Afghanistan. Why did these so called patriots think it was OK to break with American Law and tradition which went back to Washington, Jefferson & Lincoln and FDR that America does not torture or abuse or humiliate enemy prisoners whether they are called POWS. Enemy Combatants, or detainees. From Oath Keepers website:
You may have heard about us, you may have read about us or perhaps you’ve seen our videos or bumper stickers. We cordially invite you to come and meet us face to face and enjoy the company of like-minded patriotic men and women deeply committed to their sacred oath to the constitution aka: Guardians of the Republic. Although all patriotic citizens are most welcome, the bedrock of our organization is comprised of active/retired/veterans both Military service personnel and National Peace Officers, proficient in protecting the American people from all enemies both foreign and domestic! Time is of the essence; We hope you make the decision to “saddle up” to help us restore the republic to its original design of all men/women being equal and free to seek: Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness without tyrannical government interference!
and their list of orders they will refuse to obey include:
1. We will NOT obey orders to disarm the American people. 2. We will NOT obey orders to conduct warrantless searches of the American people 3. We will NOT obey orders to detain American citizens as “unlawful enemy combatants” or to subject them to military tribunal. 4. We will NOT obey orders to impose martial law or a “state of emergency” on a state. 5. We will NOT obey orders to invade and subjugate any state that asserts its sovereignty. 6. We will NOT obey any order to blockade American cities, thus turning them into giant concentration camps. 7. We will NOT obey any order to force American citizens into any form of detention camps under any pretext. 8. We will NOT obey orders to assist or support the use of any foreign troops on U.S. soil against the American people to “keep the peace” or to “maintain control." 9. We will NOT obey any orders to confiscate the property of the American people, including food and other essential supplies. 10.We will NOT obey any orders which infringe on the right of the people to free speech, to peaceably assemble, and to petition their government for a redress of grievances.
Oath Keepers Speak Out at Inaugural Conference-Oct. 25,2009 And wacko dirty tricks Nixon Crook G.Gordon Liddy interview of Stewart Rhodes:
Oath Keepers, G. Gordon Liddy (Stewart Rhodes interview) April 9, 2009 Oath Keepers is a non-partisan association of currently serving military, reserves, National Guard, peace officers, and veterans who swore an oath to support and defend the Constitution against all enemies, foreign and domestic. We military, veterans, and peace officers who honor our oaths to defend the Constitution, will NOT just follow orders, we will stand for liberty, and we will save the Republic, so help us God. Our motto is: "Not on Our Watch!"
And here is another militant group which uses militaristic rhetoric claiming that it will be too late to take back a America if they wait even another year. Three Percenter Back by popular demand: "What is a Three Percenter?" at Sipsey Street Irregulars :The gathering place for a merry band of Three Percenters. Aug. 24, 2009
What is a 'Three Percenter'? During the American Revolution, the active forces in the field against the King's tyranny never amounted to more than 3% of the colonists. They were in turn actively supported by perhaps 10% of the population. In addition to these revolutionaries were perhaps another 20% who favored their cause but did little or nothing to support it. Another one-third of the population sided with the King (by the end of the war there were actually more Americans fighting FOR the King than there were in the field against him) and the final third took no side, blew with the wind and took what came. Three Percenters today do not claim that we represent 3% of the American people, although we might. That theory has not yet been tested. We DO claim that we represent at least 3% of American gun owners, which is still a healthy number somewhere in the neighborhood of 3 million people. History, for good or ill, is made by determined minorities. We are one such minority. So too are the current enemies of the Founders' Republic. What remains, then, is the test of will and skill to determine who shall shape the future of our nation. The Three Percent today are gun owners who will not disarm, will not compromise and will no longer back up at the passage of the next gun control act. Three Percenters say quite explicitly that we will not obey any further circumscription of our traditional liberties and will defend ourselves if attacked. We intend to maintain our God-given natural rights to liberty and property, and that means most especially the right to keep and bear arms. Thus, we are committed to the restoration of the Founders' Republic, and are willing to fight, die and, if forced by any would-be oppressor, to kill in the defense of ourselves and the Constitution that we all took an oath to uphold against enemies foreign and domestic. The Doctrine of the Three Percent. We will not disarm. You cannot convince us. You cannot intimidate us. You can try to kill us, if you think you can. But remember, we'll shoot back. And we are not going away. Your move. As things begin to spin out of control, remember this: "All politics in this country now is just dress rehearsal for civil war." -- Billy Beck, August 2009. From MamaLiberty over at War on Guns: "Here's an idea...If nobody wants a 'civil disturbance,' why in heck don't they quit disturbing us?"
and so it goes, GORD.

Friday, April 08, 2022

Give War a Chance: NATO and Neo-Nazis Want Ukraine Conflict to Go on For...

BreakThrough News 101K subscribers 

 The war in Ukraine is entering a new phase. NATO leaders are meeting and are clearly worried that the Zelenskyy government might agree to a negotiated end to the war. 

Brian Becker and Dr. Gabriel Rockhill discuss the internal politics in Ukraine with a focus on the role of the far right, fascists and neo-Nazis. Brian is joined by Dr. Gabriel Rockhill, Founding Director of the Critical Theory Workshop and Professor of Philosophy at Villanova University. 

You can check out his latest article on today’s subject at LiberationNews.org, titled, “Nazis in Ukraine:
 Seeing through the fog of the information war” 

 CORRECTION: The far-right Ukrainian militant shown at 17:15 in this episode is actually Evgeney Karas, not Andriy Biletsky.

 

Sunday, March 27, 2022

Reacting To PBS's Laughable Ukraine Coverage With Vijay Prashad Katie Halper Show

Journalist and historian Vijay Prashad (https://twitter.com/vijayprashad) almost can't believe how bad PBS's coverage of Ukraine is. (Full chat is available at https://www.patreon.com/posts/patreon...) 

 Vijay Prashad is an Indian historian, editor and journalist. He is a writing fellow and chief correspondent at Globetrotter (https://independentmediainstitute.org...). He is the chief editor of LeftWord Books (https://mayday.leftword.com/) and the director of Tricontinental: Institute for Social Research (https://t.co/evQYuwZXRJ). He is a senior non-resident fellow at Chongyang Institute for Financial Studies, Renmin University of China (http://en.rdcy.org/). He has written more than 20 books, including The Darker Nations and The Poorer Nations. His latest book is Washington Bullets, with an introduction by Evo Morales Ayma.


 

Ilhan Omar Calls To IMPEACH Justice Thomas After Massive Bombshell

Sunday, March 06, 2022

The Ukrainian Conflict and the Imperial World System - CounterPunch.org

The Ukrainian Conflict and the Imperial World System - CounterPunch.org

" Vladimir Putin’s attack on Ukraine is undoubtedly illegal and immoral.  From the point of view of Russian interests, it is also likely to prove a costly mistake.  The primary question now, however, is what to do about this, and the answers presented thus far by those outraged by the invasion are dangerously counterproductive.

“Putin must be punished,” the Americans and Europeans insist.  But the forms of punishment now being implemented – severe economic sanctions and military aid to Ukraine – are designed to prolong the military struggle and to cripple the Russian economy, apparently on the theory that Russia’s discontented masses and oligarchs will then replace Putin with a leader more to the West’s liking.  Pardon me, but this makes little sense.  Prolonging the conflict will kill more Ukrainians and Russians, inspire their compatriots and loved ones to seek revenge.  It may also bring the world close to nuclear war.  Moreover, making a whole people suffer usually unites them against their adversary rather than turning them against their leader.

The array of punishments administered and proposed also indicate that many Westerners consider Putin analogous to Adolf Hitler and a return to the negotiating table the equivalent of Munich-style appeasement.  But this betrays a profound misunderstanding of what drives the conflict and who the conflicting parties really are.  Vladimir Putin is not an evil mastermind bent on world domination and the genocidal destruction of “inferior” races.  He is the brutal leader of a once great empire playing the imperial game in a world of competitive empires.  More brutal than Harry Truman in Korea, Lyndon Johnson in Vietnam, or George W. Bush in Iraq?  Obviously not.  Then why consider his bad character he primary cause of the struggle?

One reason seems clear.  As conflict analysts recognize, it is common for each side in a violent struggle to consider the opponent’s malice and cruelty to be the conflict’s sole cause.  “They are evil aggressors who choose to fight.  We are virtuous defenders who fight because we have to.” This is exactly how the editors of the New York Times describe the war in Ukraine.  They put it like this:

. . . none of the pretexts for war that Mr. Putin churned out in recent days and weeks contained much truth or any justification whatsoever for waging war on a weaker neighbor. This is a war of choice for all the wrong reasons, and Mr. Putin and his coterie are solely and fully responsible for every drop of Ukrainian – and Russian – blood, for every livelihood destroyed and for all the economic pain engendered by the conflict.[1]

I suppose that half a truth is better than no truth at all, and this is precisely half the truth.  Putin didinvade Ukraine without being militarily attacked.  Some of the reasons for war he offered (for example, the alleged non-existence of a Ukrainian nationality) were fabrications.  Other reasons, such as the U.S./European refusal to halt the expansion of NATO, were quite true, but they do not justify bombing and killing innocent people.

Where the Times editorial goes off the tracks, however, is in asserting that the Russian leaders are “solely and fully” responsible for the violence engulfing Ukraine.  In fact, they are one of the responsible parties, but only one.  The causes of this struggle go far beyond Mr. Putin’s bad choices, and solving the problems that produced the conflict go far beyond punishing the Russians.  The causes of this conflict are systemic, which means that others in addition to Putin and his cohorts must share responsibility for the current violence.

“Systemic” means that there is a system – a form of social organization supported by patterns of thought, speech, and behavior – that structures the relations between states and peoples involved in conflict.  The word that best describes our current system is imperial.  Four major empires currently compete for regional hegemony and global superiority.  In order of economic and military power, they are the multinational blocs dominated by the United States, China, Europe, and Russia.  Several up-and-coming regional powers like Turkey and Iran have also asserted their influence in imperial style, but the major players in the Ukraine crisis are the U.S., Europe, and Russia, with China a potential participant.

Supreme Court Rules Against TORTURE Disclosure

Monday, February 28, 2022

War in Ukraine: Russian Crimes & US Hypocrisy | With Retired US Colonel...

Paul Jay with Col Lawrence Wilkerson


The billionaires of the U.S., Russia and Ukraine are all willing to sacrifice the sons and daughters of working families in wars for profit and hegemony. Col. Lawrence Wilkerson joins Paul Jay on theAnalysis.news. This video was produced theAnalysis.news and published on YouTube on February 26, 2022. We republished it today on our channel to raise more awareness about this issue - locally and internationally. Visit & support their channel: https://theanalysis.news/ ABOUT LAWRENCE WILKERSON: Distinguished Adjunct Professor of Government and Public Policy Lawrence Wilkerson’s last positions in government were as Secretary of State Colin Powell’s Chief of Staff (2002-05), Associate Director of the State Department’s Policy Planning staff under the directorship of Ambassador Richard N. Haass, and member of that staff responsible for East Asia and the Pacific, political-military and legislative affairs (2001-02). Before serving at the State Department, Wilkerson served 31 years in the U.S. Army. During that time, he was a member of the faculty of the U.S. Naval War College (1987 to 1989), Special Assistant to General Powell when he was Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (1989-93), and Director and Deputy Director of the U.S. Marine Corps War College at Quantico, Virginia (1993-97). Wilkerson retired from active service in 1997 as a colonel, and began work as an advisor to General Powell. He has also taught national security affairs in the Honors Program at the George Washington University. He is currently working on a book about the first George W. Bush administration.



 

The War in Ukraine | Glenn Greenwald

Friday, February 25, 2022

Rejecting NATO expansion, Putin recognizes forgotten Donbas civilians Via THE GRAYZONE wirh Aaron Mate and Richard Sakwa

" The Grayzone Pushback with Aaron Maté Support Pushback at Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/aaronmate After weeks of US claims that a Russian invasion of Ukraine was imminent, Vladimir Putin instead recognized the breakaway republics of Luhansk and Donetsk. The decision has triggered a new round of US-led sanctions while bringing attention to rebel-held areas, where, according to UN figures on the Donbas war, 80% of civilian casualties have occurred since 2018. Professor Richard Sakwa analyzes the factors behind Putin's move, and its likely consequences. Putin's decision, he says, comes after Kiev refused to implement the 2015 Minsk accords, which could have ended the conflict, and a longstanding US-driven project to expand NATO to Russia's borders. Guest: Richard Sakwa. Professor of Russian and European politics at the University of Kent. His books include “Frontline Ukraine: Crisis in the Borderlands” and his latest, “Deception: Russiagate and the New Cold War.”

VIP | The Truth About Ukraine with Ben Norton- When USA Invades Nations The MSM Defends It no Matter How Egregious ???

Gordon Coombes My comments on Russia and Ukraine conflict from the 2014 coup to the present: as the video below argues that the problems in Ukraine has been an ongoing military conflict between Ukraine /Kyiv and the Donbass region since the American backed coup in Kyiv in 2014. The USA has been using Ukraine in a proxy war with Russia and has encouraged the Kyiv forces to attack the Donbass region . The USA wanted more conflict so they could place more stringent sanctions on Russia esp to stop the oil pipeline Nordstream 2 .

 The Donbass region is primarily made up of Russian speaking Ukrainians whose rights have been violated by the xenophobic government in Kyiv . But even this more recent history is ignored by the Western Mainstream media and has just without any real investigation of what's happening has jumped on the War bandwagon esp after some seven years now of the Democratic Party's Russian conspiracy theories ie that Hillary Clinton lost the election in 2016 because of Russia and According to the Dems even Bernie Sanders and his few million supporters were being used by Russia and Putin . So given all of this and more how are we the average citizen supposed to trust the Biden administration or its allies including Canada or any NATO connected government -these leaders live in fear of the USA . This is the New Cold War which the Americans still refuse to let go of this notion so anything Russia or Putin does is seen through the prism of a New Cold War . 

Essentially the USA refuses to allow for the rise of other nations or alliances of nations that might compete on a level playing field with the USA when it comes to oil and gas and trade in general. How different is this from the USAs imperialism ie declaring war on Mexico and stealing land eg Texas and then invading the Philippines , invading Vietnam, Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya, Syria, or interfering in other nations fueling faux populism and Coups from Haiti to Cuba to Honduras, Guatemala, El Salvador, Chile, Brazil, Argentina , Sudan, Somalia , Yemen, Iran, Korea, Cambodia , Laos, Thailand , Venezuela and on and on. It was the USA that pushed for and supported the faux color-maidin revolution and Coup putting extremists who are xenophobic and racist who used legal means to reduce Russian Ukrainians to second class citizens while creating a draconian authoritarian regimes. 

The USA promised with the disillusion of the USSR that NATO would not be expanded and there would be a draw down on troops and missiles in Europe on the border with Russia. The Americans and the West has kept stoking the fires of animosity , fear mongering and paranoia of the Cold War . It was the Ukraine that refused to accept the Minsk peace agreement . The people of the Donbass region due to the antagonism from Kyiv wanted to separate from the rest of Ukraine . Since 2014 Kyiv has been bombing and fighting against the militias in the Donbass.
 almost all the fighting has been directed by Kyiv . So the people of the Donbass region have been under daily fire from Kyiv/Ukraine .

 The Maiden revolution was a coup by extremists including neo-Nazis of the Right Sector and others. Note during the uprising the so called rebels and pro-democracy forces tossed bureaucrats and civil servants off of five story buildings while also burning civil servants alive in government buildings .Yes Kyle we do need to remember the history and context of the current crisis . The USA lost any moral authority during its disastrous Global War On Terror during which over 2 million have died most of whom were civilians not to mention hundred if not thousands tortured .

 The USA had no hesitancy in bombing hospitals or schools or Mosques or instituting Medieval style sieges on cities such as Fallujah killing thousands using WMDS such as Cluster bombs, white phosphorus, land mines, attack drones and committing numberless War Crimes And Crimes Against Humanity for which the Western powers have given America a pass but in Global politics this has been the usual practice in defending American War Crimes dating back at least to America's crime of dropping atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki which was completely unnecessary no matter what American apologists and propagandists insist. This is all part of the West' legacy .

Lee Camp is joined by the journalist and host of Multipolarista Ben Norton to break down what is going on between Ukraine and Russia. They look to the real causes of Russian actions in Ukraine beyond the Western war propaganda. The story goes back to the 90’s and the dissolution of the Soviet Union when the NATO powers guaranteed the Russian leadership that they wouldn’t expand toward Russian borders. They broke that promise. Then the story moves to a US-backed coup in Ukraine in 2014 and the fallout after separatist movements tried to secede. Norton provides this history and more important context in this moment of insecurity.